Appearance
      Color: Heartwood is
yellow-brown when freshly cut, turning dark-brown to almost black with
alternate layers of light and dark. Sapwood is yellowish-white and
clearly demarcated from heartwood.  
       
      Grain: Straight when quartersawn; coarse texture. 
      Variations Within Species And Grades: Moderate
variations in color. 
  
      Properties
      Hardness/Janka: 1630;
26% harder than Northern red oak.  
       
      Dimensional Stability: Excellent (change coefficient
.00201; 46% more stable than red oak). However, actual installations
have demonstrated significant movement in use.  
       
      Durability: Average. 
  
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      Workability
      Sawing/Machining: Difficult
due to rapid dulling of tools; carbine tooling recommended.  
      Sanding: Sands satisfactorily. 
      Nailing: Good holding ability.  
       
      Finishing: Some solvent-based stains do not dry well.
       
       
      Comments: Dermatological and respiratory allergic
potential. 
  
      Cost
      (relative to plainsawn select red
oak) 
      Multiplier: 5.50 
  
      Availability
      Limited. 
  
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